1. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Kingdoms.

      a. Alexander the Great: 336-323 BC.

      b. The Major Hellenistic Monarchies

        1.Thrace, Lysimachus: as King 306-281 BC.

        2.Ptolemeis of Egypt: Ptolemy I as king 305-285 BC.  Ptolemy III Euergetes: 247-222 BC.

        3.Seleucids of Syria: Seleucos I: as King 305-280 BC. Antiocus I : 293-261 BC.

2. Parthians: 247 BC.-AD. 224

    a. Imperial Parthian coinage

    b. Parthian vassal kingdom in the west :

        1. Elam:   Kamnaskirid dynasty, Arsacid dynasty

        2. Persis

3. Sassanides: AD.226-651

    a. Imperial Sassanian coinage

    b. Sassanian vassal kingdoms:

        1. The kingdom of Sakastan:  Ardeshir

        2. The kingdom of Turan: Ardemitra

        3. The Kushano-Sassanian kingdom (Kushanshahr)

    c. Successor kingdoms to the Sassanians

        1. Armenia, Georgia and the Caucasus

        2. The Ispahbads of Tabaristan

    d. The coming of Islam

        1. Arab-Sassanian drachms struck in the name of Yazdegard III and Khusru II

        2. Arab-Sassanian drachms struck in the name of the Caliph

        3. Arab-Sassanian drachms struck in the names of Omayyad govenors

        4. Arab-Sassanian coins of the Abbasid period: Tabaristan, Seistan, Bokhara series.

        5. Examples of countermarked Sassanian and Arab-sassanian drachms..

4.Hephthalites ( White Huns )

    a. Foundation of the Hephthalite realm

        1. Initial coinage struck from altered Sassanian dies: Balkh c. AD.355

        2. Early Bactrian issues struck from locally engraved dies

        3. Early Hephthalite coinage based on Kushano-Sassanian prototypes

        4. Extension of Hephthalite suzerainty over Kabul valley, c. 410, Zabul, c. 415/25

            Gandhara, c. 430 and eastern Pakistan, c. 460:

            General silver coinage of the Central Asian Bust type

    b. The captivity of Peroz among Hephthalites and its numismatic sequelae

        1. Countermarked drachms of Peroz 457-483

        2. Bactrian copies of Peroz' drahms

        3. Later copies of Peroz' drachms struck in Pakistan and beyond: the precursors of Indo-            Sassanian coinage:  pre- Kanauj series, pre-Gujarat series.

        4. Afghan imitations of later Sassanian drachms

    c. The apogee of the Hephthalites: c. AD.475-560 /576

        1. The Napki Malik coinage of the western provinces:

        2. Coinage of the eastern provinces:

5.Khanate of Western Turks and its progany states: the Turko_Hephthalites Khanate in Afgha-        nistan: AD. 525-719

    a. Yabghous of the Western Turkish Khanate:

        1. Turkustan series:

        2. Sogdian series:

        3. Kabul valley series:

    b. The Turko-Hephthalite Lords of Bokhara

    c. The Turko-Hephthalite principalities in Afghanistan:

        1. Early issues: c. AD.585-615

        2. Later issues: c. AD.615-710

    d. Kingdom of Zabul: c. 719-920

        1.Early kings of Zabul

        2.Shahi kings of Kabul and Gandhara

6.The Indo-Greeks and their neighbours

    a. The Indo-Greek kingdom from c.256-135 BC.

        1. The House of Diodotes

        2. The House of Euthydemos

        3. The House of Eucratides

    b. The Kingdom of Sogdiana c. 205-135 BC.

    c. The Nomad migration that impinged on Afghanistan in the 130's BC.

        1.Eucratides' imitation coinage struck in the Graeco-Scythian principality of Marv

        2. The nascent Kingdom of Choresmia

        3. Heliocles' imitation coinage struck in the Graeco-Scythian principality of Balkh

    d. The Indo-Greek Kingdom at the time of the nomad migration: Heliocles and Strato

    e. The Indo-Greeks after the time of the Nomad migration   

        1. The Western Indo-Greek kingdom: c. 110 BC.-20's AD.

        2. The Eastern Indo-Greek kingdom: c. 110-10 BC.

7.The Indo-Scythian dynasties

    a. The Scythian Kingdom in Arachosia:

        1. Early anepigraphic Saka coins

        2. The dynasty of Vonones

    b. The Scythian Kingdom in Pakistan

        1. Arsakes Theos

        2. The dynasty of Maues and Azes:  Maues, Azes I, Azilizes, Azes II

        3. The Age of the Satraps: Family of Zeionises,   Family of Kharostes in Central Chach

            Family of Indravarma at Taxila,   Family of Rujuvula in Jammu & Mathura

    c. The Indo-Parthians

        1. The Empire of Gondhophares and Abdagases: AD. 20- 100/11 and their viceroys:

            a. The Imperial family in Afghanistan:  Orthagnes, Otannes II

            b. The Family of Indravarma at Taxila:  Indravarma, Asparvarma, Sasan

            c. The Family of sorpedonus and Satavastra in Arachosia and Bannu

        2. The reduced Indo-Parthian realm of Pakores and Sanabares: c. AD. 100/110-160

        3. The Kingdom of Sakastan: c. AD. 160-230

        4. The Kingdom of Turan: c. AD. 160-230

8. Saurashtra and environs

    a. The Indo-Greeks and Sakas in Saurashtra:  Indo-Greek coins of Saurashtra

    b. Saurashtra as a province of the Indo-Parthian realm: c. AD. 30-78

        1. Viceroys of the Kshaharata family:  Pisayu

    c. Saurashtra as seat of an independent Kshaharata kingdom: AD. 78-c. 125

        1. Aghudaka, Nahapana

    d. The Western Kshatrapas from their restoration by Chashtana and Rudraman (c. 127),

        until the Gupta conquest( c. 405).

        1. Growth and prosperity: reigns of Chashtana, Jayadaman and Rudradaman

        2. Dynastic crises: the reigns of Rudrasimha and Jivadaman

        3. Renewed prosperity during the reigns of Rudrasena and Damasena

        4. Decline of the Western Kshatrapas under the sons of Damasena

        5. The Western Kshatrapas after their loss of Malwa to the Malavas, Abhiras etc.

        6. The Family of Rudrasimha

        7. The Family of Swami Rudrasena

9.Kushans and their neighbours and successors

    a. The Yueh Chi and the rise to pre-eminence of their Kushan clan

        1. Period of the Yueh Chi principalities: Coinage of the Sogdian principalities:

            a. Tokharestan-  Sapadbizes & Agesiles

            b. Bamian valley- Pseigacharis & Pabes

    b. The early Kushan Kingdom:

            a. Heraios in the north

            b. Kujula Kadphises in the north

    c. Resurgence of the Kushans: The Empire created by Soter Megas and Wima Kadphises.

        Inscriptions of northern Pakistan dated according to Azes-Vikrama era of 57 BC.

        1. Early regional coin series of Soter Megas: Taxila, Kapisa, Qunduz, Balk

        2. The definitive coinage of Soter Megas ( floruit AD. 65-103)

        3. The coinage of Wima Khadphises, c. AD. 105-130

    d. The apogee of th Kushan realm under Kanishka c. AD.130-158 and Huvishka c. 158-195

        Inscriptions dated according to the Kanishka era of c. AD. 130

        1.Kushan deities

            a. Coinage of Kanishka:  the various provincial series

            b. Coinage of Huvishka: provincial series, successive weight reductions

    e. The resurgence of the Northern Kingdoms

        1. Kingdom of Choresmia:  Afrighid dynasty

        2. Kingdom of Sogdiana:

        3. The Sino-Karosti coinage of Chinese Turkestan

        4. The Jouan-jouan in Bactria,  local coinage

    f. The reign of Vasu Deva c. AD. 195-230 and the commencement of Kushan decline.

    g. The reduced Kushan kingdom of Kanishka II, Vasu Deva II and Vasishka: c. AD.230-260.

    h. The Kushan kingdom during the reigns of Chhu and Vasu: c. AD. 260-300.

    i. The last days of Kushan kingdom: c. AD. 300-600.

        1. Major coin series:  Shaka, Kipanda

        2. Minor coin series:  Mahi, Gadahara, Shahi, Gadakhara

    j. The Kingdom of Kidara and the Kingdoms of his "Kidarite" successors: c. AD. 350-460.

        1. Coins struck by kings who ruled the whole of the Kidarite realm:  Peroz and Kidara

        2. Coinage struck by kings of the Kidarite Confederacy who ruled  local realms within the

         Kidarite dominion: c. AD. 380-460.

            a. Gandhara:  Varo, Tarika, anonymous.

            b. Taxila:  Suvayasa, Kritavirya, Salanavira.

            c. Jammu & Kashmir:  the dynasty of Pratapaditya.

            d. Kidarite principality of the Kota Kula in the Punjab.

            e. Anonymous coins of the Kidarite period.

            f. The karttikeya of the Punjab.

    k. The Hephthalite conquest of Pakistan: Toramana, Mihiragula and related rulers.

        1. Taxila:  Mihiragula, Leshena, Jara

        2. Jammu & Kashmir:   Toramana II and his succors

        3. Punjab:   Sruta, Tama, Toramana, Mihiragula.

10.Ancient India during the pre- Marayan period: c. 600-321 BC.

    a. The Kingdom of Kashi: c. 600-525 BC. : Punchmarked silver half Satamanas & fractions.

    b. The Kingdom of Kosala: c. 600-470 BC. : Punchmarked silver quarter Satamanas

    c. The Kingdom of Magadha: c. 600-321 BC.: evolution of the coinage, attribution & symbolism

         1. Archaic half Satamanas of 50 Rattis

        2. Evolution of the 5-punch coin type under Bimbisara and Ajatashatru c.546-462 BC.,       

          Karshapanas of 32 Rattis.

        3. Period of overstriking under Ajatashatru's successors, c. 462-414 BC.

        4. The dynasty of saisunaga c. 414-346 BC.:

            a. Saisunaga and Kalasoka

            b. The sons of Kalasoka

        5. The Nanda dynasty c.346-321 BC.

    d. The Upper Ganges valley:  Kingdoms of Kuru and Panchala: before c. 350 BC.

    e. The Indus valley:   taxila and gandhara: c. 600-303 BC.

    f. The Narbada valley:  The Kingdom of Avanti: c. 600-312 BC.

    g. Th Saurashtra Penninsula:  The later kingdom of saurashtra: c. 600-312 BC.

    h. The Eastern Deccan:  The Kingdom of Kalinga: c. 500-260 BC.

11.The Marayan Empire: 321-187 BC.

    a. The punchmarked silver Karshapana of the Empire

    b. Small denomination coinage:

        1. Miniscule silver coinage

        2. Cast copper coinage

12.The Sungas: 187-75 BC.

    a. Silver punchmarked coinage of the early Sunga period

    b. Copper punchmarked coinage of the later Sunga period

    c. Low denomination cast copper coinage of the Sungas

13.Northern India during the post-Maryan period: c. 220 BC.- 80 AD.

    a. Northern Pakistan: c. 220-160 BC.

        1.Pushkalavati

        2. Taxila

        3. The Five Guilds

        4. The Doyaka district

        5. Vatsvaka

    b. The Punjab states:  Northern group   

        1. Audumbara:  The Mahadeva

        2. Kuluta:  Viryasas

        3. Kuninda:  Amoghabhuti, issues in Amoghabhuti's name

        4. Almora:  sivadatta, Hanadatta

        5. Northern Yaudheya:

 c. The Punjab states:  Southern group

        1. The Yaudheyas of Rohtak ( Bahudhanyaka)

        2. Arjunayana:  Damaruda

        3. Paurava 8Puru):  Datamitra

        4. The Mitra Kings:  Bhanumitra

        5. The Agachamitras of Agodaka ( Agroha)

        6. An uncertain Punjab state

    d. States in the Mathura region:

        1. The Rajanyas:

        2. The shahmas:

        3. The Mandavyas:

        4. The Apalata Maharaja:

        5. The Rajas of  Mathura: Gomitra, the founder of the realm

            a. The Mitra dynasty

            b. The Datta dynasty

            c. The Indo-Scythians in Madura

    e. East of the Punjab:

        1. The Panchalas of Ahichhatra:

    f. States in the Ganges valley:

        1. Kingdom of Kosala

        2. Kingdom of Vatsa

        3. The city state of Rajagriha ( Rajgir ):

    g. The Kingdom of Kalinga

    h. The Sunga provinces in Malwa:

        1. Vidisa:

        2. Eran:

        3. Ujjain:

    i. Minor states in Malwa and its environs:

        1. The chiefs of Malavas:

        2.The Sibis of Madhyamika:

14.The Ganges valley and adjecent regions during the Kushan and post-Kushan periods

    a. The Kushan period: c. AD. 110-190, imitation Kushan coinage struck until the Guptas:

        1. Middle Ganges valley:

        2. West Bengal and Bihar:

        3. Orissa:

    b. The Post-Kushan period: c. AD. 190-340

        1. Yaudheya

        2. The Panchalas of Ahichhatra

        3. The Nagas of Nawar

        4. The Senas of Kanauj

        5. The Mitra kings of Kosala

        6. The Malavas

15.The Gupta Empire and its succors

    a. The Imperial Guptas: c. 320-480 AD.

    b. Successor states in Saurashtra and the west:

        1. The Maitrakas of Valabhi: c. 470-800 AD.

    c. Successor states in Malwa:

        1. The Gupta dynasty of Malwa:  Budhagupta

        2. Imitation Gupta coinage of the Malwa region

        3. The period of Hephthalite sovereignty in Malwa:   Jishnu

        4. A Gupta succission state north of Malwa

    d. Bundelkhand and Bagelhkand: the region south of Allahabad:

        1. The Parivrajaka Maharajahs:

    e. The Central and Eastern provinces:

        1. The second Gupta dynasty of Magadha and West Bengal: c. 480-560 AD.

        2. The third Gupta dynasty of Gauda: c. 590-650 AD.

    f. The West Central Provinces:

        1. The Maukharis; c. 535-610 AD.

        2. The Vardhanas; c. 580-647 AD.

16.The Deccan, Penninsular India and Ceylon: c. 200 BC.-225 AD.

    a. The Andhras ( Satavahanas) og the Deccan

        1. The two Satavahanas; c. 80-39 BC.

        2. The early Satakarnis; c. 39 BC.-107 AD.

        3. The later Satakarnis; c. 107-248 AD.

    b. The Andhrabhrityas

        1. The Chutus of Banavasi

        2.The Sadakana Maharathis of Chandravelli

        3. The Sebakas of the river Penner valley

        4. The 'lion' Maharatis

    c. The Pandayas of Madura

        1. Early period; c. 240-175 BC.

        2. Middle period when Pandya coinage cirkulated from Madura to Ceylon; c. 175-30 BC.

        3. Later Pandyan coinage of Madura; c. BC.30-200 AD.

    d. The Cheras (Keralaputras)

    e. Penninsular Indian coinage of non- Pandyan type; c. BC.200-200 AD.

        1. Ingots

        2. Die struck coinage

    f. Early coinage of Ceylon

        1. Pandya inspired multi-type coinage; c. 210-177 BC.

        2. Kingdom of Ceylon: local struck after the withdrawal of Pandyan influence: 29BC.-297 AD.

17.The Deccan after the Andhras

    a. The Ikshvaku- Abhira period: mid 3rd.-mid 4th. centuries AD.

        1. The Satavahanas of Southern Kosala

        2. The Ikshvakus of the Deccan

        3. The Abhiras

    b. The northern and western Deccan during the Vakataka-Kadamba period:c. 400-600 AD

        1. The Traikutakas:

        2. The early Kalachuris:

        3. Kalachuri feudatoris in Malwa:

        4. The early Gurjuras:

    c. The south-eastern Deccanand Mysore under the Pallavas  Vishnukundins c. 300-700 AD.

        1. The Pallavas:

        2. The Vishnukundins

        3. Eastern Chalukya coinage of Vishnukundin type

    d. Penninsular India, period of its eclipse,the Pallavas and the ensuing Pandya:c. 300-900 AD.

        1. Pandyan and non-Pandyan small copper coinage

        2. Coinage of the second Pandya dynasty

    e. The second period of Indo-Roman Coinage: fourth century small bronces & imitations

    f. Ceylon: from the second period of Pallava influence until the rise of the Cholas

        1. second period of Pallava influence; c. 668-740 AD.

        2. Period of Pandya influence; c. 830-918 AD.

18.South-east Asia

    a. The Chandras of Arakan: c. 400-630 AD.

    b. Later anonymous coinage of Arakan; c. 8th. century

    c. The Mon kingdom Dvaravati ( Thailand ):

        1. Mon city states: before and during the period of Funanese denomination, c. 300-500 AD.

        2. The kingdom of Dvaravati; 550-1050 AD.

    d. The kingdom of Funan ( Cambodia ): c. 190-550 AD.

        1. Early series with Temple and Funanese symbol designs

        2.Later series with Temple and Sun designs

    e. The Candras of Harikela (Chittagong ): c. 630-1050 AD.

    f. Base metal coinage issued from c. 500 AD.

        1. Khmer coinage: the Kingdom of Angkor, c. 802-1369 AD.

        2. Mon coinage: the Kingdom of Dvaravati, c. 550-1050 AD.

        3. The coming of the Thai: some coins of the Sukothai kingdom

    g. The Malay Penninsula and Indonesia

        1. The Kingdom of Srivijaya: c. 680-1250 AD.

19.China